• Abbreviations formed by omitting the end of the word or where words are followed by a period (e.g. Inc. not Inc, Co. not Co, Mass. not Mass).
• Unless you are using Standard International (SI) units or chemical symbols, abbreviations should be spelled out in full at first use in each chapter with the abbreviation given in parentheses.
• Time: a.m. and p.m. should be lower case with periods.
• Do not use periods in abbreviations of academic degrees or professional and religious designations (e.g. MBA not M.B.A, PhD not Ph.D., RN not R.N.).
• See References section for information on abbreviation of journal titles.

Subject-Specific Styles

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

• Plurals of acronyms do not take an apostrophe (e.g. ABCs not ABC’s).
• Capitalized acronyms do not use periods (e.g. USA, US, UK not U.S.A, U.S., U.K.).
• Lower-case acronyms do not use periods (e.g. bpm not bpm. or b.p.m.).

• Do not include ampersands in the text, unless they appear in the name of a company or organization, e.g. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Marks & Spencer, Ernst & Young, etc.

• We also support work presented in APA style and will retain that style during production on request. Please notify your project editor (or relevant Wiley contact) if APA has been consistently applied or you want it to be applied

Title

• Each appendix must have a title and each must be listed in any contents pages. For example chapter-level appendices in the main contents and heading-level appendices in the detailed contents if these present in the prelims or chapter openers.

Position

• Appendices either appear at the end of the chapter or at the end of the book.

End-of-chapter appendices

• Occasionally chapters may have their own appendices at the end of the chapter. In this case, the number should appear as, e.g. Appendix 3.A, 3.B, etc. for appendices to Chapter 3. They should appear before the references and/or further reading sections.

Figures and tables in end-of-chapter appendices

• Figures and tables within these chapter-end appendices should be numbered as follows: Figure 3.A.1, Figure 3.A.2, etc. (e.g. the first figure in the first appendix at the end of Chapter 3).

End-of-book appendices

• Appendices should appear before the references and/or further reading sections.

Figures and tables in end-of-book appendices

• Figures and tables within appendices should be numbered as follows: Figure A.1, Table C.2, etc.

Sections and Headings

Part and subpart sections

• Where the chapters of a book are organized into higher-level sections, these should always be called parts.
• Parts can be numbered One, Two, Three, etc. or I, II, III, etc.
• An individual part may be divided into two or more subparts.

Chapters

• Chapters should be numbered using Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, etc.
• Chapter numbering should continue through the book; it should not start at 1 again with the beginning of a new part.
• If your discipline standardly numbers headings, prefix heading numbers with the chapter number, so for example:
• 1.1 Level 1 Heading
  1.1.1 Level 2 Heading
  1.1.1.1 Level 3 Heading
  1.1.1.1.1 Level 4 Heading

Subject-Specific Styles

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

Subject-Specific Styles

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

• US style: Contractions (i.e. words minus their middle parts but still with their final letter) should end with a period (e.g. Mr. not Mr, Mrs. not Mrs, Ltd. not Ltd).
• UK style: do not end contractions (i.e. words minus their middle parts but still end with their final letter) with a period (e.g. Mr not Mr., Mrs not Mrs., Ltd not Ltd.).

References

• Click here for examples of different reference types and how these should be cited in the text.

Permissions

Source and credit lines

• Provide a source, and a credit to the rightsholder, for all third-party material used in your work. This “attribution” ensures you conform to our publication ethics by making it clear wherever material is not original to you and that its use in your publication is authorized.
• Always introduce source information using the wording “Source:” and place this after the description of the material being used. The source is the publication or location from which third-party material has been obtained. This will most usually be a book or journal, a photo vendor (e.g. museum, gallery, or dedicated image vendor such as Getty Images), or an individual/employer.
• Credits are standardly placed following the source location. They act as an explicit acknowledgement to the rightsholder that they hold the rights to the content being used and have given permission for its reuse in the publication. The credit may also include a copyright line if requested by the rightsholder.
• Never add a credit to the rightsholder unless you have obtained permission for reuse.
• For transparency and absence of doubt, especially where a chapter has a mix of original and third-party assets, best practice is to self-attribute any original work being published for the first time as follows (Jane Smith being the author of the chapter in this instance): Source: Jane Smith. Alternatively, when you submit final content to your project editor, confirm that all material without attribution is original work by you or your contributors.
• If no third-party source/credit information is provided for any third-party material, your Wiley project editor will ask for confirmation that this material is original to the author of the chapter.

How to present source and credit lines

• Figures and tables: Use the author-date shorthand and the standard credit (i.e. “Reproduced with permission of X” – with X being the name of the rightsholder). The full citation must be included in the end-of-chapter referencesFor example:
  • Harvard system: Source: Smith 1990. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
  • Vancouver system: Source: Source: [17]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Or, where you want to provide a more detailed reference to the original material: Source: Smith 1990, figure 12.2 (p. 198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Source: [17], figure 12.2 (p.198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• Photos: add the source and any image reference number/ credit/copyright line specified by the rightsholder. For example:
  • Source: Private Collection/ The Bridgeman Art Library, DACS 2011. Reproduced with permission of the Towner Museum, Eastbourne, and © Estate of Eric Ravilious. If no credit line is specified, generate photo credit in this form
  • Source: Shutterstock/Travis Smith. Reproduced with permission of Shutterstock.
• For material used with the permission of a colleague/employer:
  • Source: Courtesy of John Smith.
  • Source: Courtesy of BASF AG.
• For author’s original work being published for the first time:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Jane Smith.
• For material modified by the author with permission of rightsholders always indicate this modification using one of the following expressions: “Adapted from”, “Modified from,” or “After”. For example:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Adapted from Smith 1990 (figure 3.17) and Jones 2016 (figure 17.2). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• For material licensed under Creative Commons or similar you must always attribute fully by providing the author/originator name, a link to the online location, and the CC license information (with license number, e.g. 1.0, 2.0, etc., where available). There is no need to provide a link to the online CC license. For example:
  • Source: Jorgebarrios, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valdivia.JPG. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
• For public domain or fair use (as defined by Wiley) material that did not require permission to be obtained always indicate this after the source for clarity. For example:
  • Source: Smith 1864 (p. 198). Public domain.
  • Source: Best Movie Ever (2017). Directed by Steven Spielberg. Produced by Universal/Goldstar Productions/Rox Media, Inc. Fair use.
• Copyright lines where required are expressed as follows: © 2017 Science Images. Use the copyright symbol without spelling out word "copyright".

• Where specific chapters, sections, figures, parts, tables, etc. are referred to in the text they should take an initial cap (e.g. Chapter 6, Section 1.3). Use lower-case “c” for references to chapters in other books (e.g. “As Chen says in chapter 4 of her…”).
• Ensure any cross-references refer to a fixed element in the text (e.g. see Figure 1.1 or see Section 4.3 not see above, see below, or see page 000.

• Order should be day/month/year without internal punctuation (e.g. 2 October 2007).
• Where a named day is given before the date use a comma (e.g. Tuesday, 2 October 2007).
• If year is not specified, follow same order (e.g. on 2 October he left for Madrid).
• Do not use “st”, “nd”, “rd”, or “th”, except in quoted material.
• For clarity – so as to not confuse US/UK readers – always use 2 October 2007 style in the text rather than 02/10/07 or any variant.
• Spell out the names of centuries (no caps), e.g. the twentieth century not the 20th C., the 20th century, etc.

• Do not include apostrophes in decades (e.g. 1920s not 1920’s) unless the apostrophe must be used to indicate possession (e.g. the 1960s’ cohort).
• Do not abbreviate decades (e.g. 1960s not ‘60s).
• Decades can be spelled out (e.g. sixties).

Notes

• Notes should be numbered 1-x throughout the chapter, never with the symbols *, †, etc.
• End-of-chapter placement for notes will be applied as the house style. If it’s essential that positioning is at the foot of the page or at the end of your book, please inform your project editor when you submit your final MS to Wiley.

Figures and Tables

• The rules below apply to tables as well as figures.

Numbering

• Use double numeration – numbered through the chapter with Arabic numerals: Chapter number + Figure number (Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2, etc.).
• Numbered figures must be cited within the text (e.g. see Figure 1.1).

Unnumbered figures

• Figures do not need to be numbered unless they are captioned or cross-referenced in the text. It is acceptable to have a mix of numbered and unnumbered figures. You must make it clear, however, where the unnumbered figures should appear in the text.

Figure parts

• Parts of figures are to be designated (a), (b), (c), etc. in the caption – i.e. lower case letters within parentheses – not (1), (2) or *, †, etc. Parentheses enclose the letter that labels the separate parts of figures in captions and on the figures themselves, but not in the text citations of figures (e.g. see Figure 1.1b not see Figure 1.1(b). Separate the descriptions of the parts in the caption using semi-colons.

Cross-references

• Cross-references within the text to figures must be upper and lower case, and never abbreviated (e.g. see Figure 1.1. not see Fig. 1.1).

• Notes should be numbered 1-x throughout the chapter, never with the symbols *, †, etc.
• End-of-chapter placement for notes will be applied as the house style. If it’s essential that positioning is at the foot of the page or at the end of your book, please inform your project editor when you submit your final MS to Wiley.

References

• Click here for examples of different reference types and how these should be cited in the text.

Choice of Harvard or Vancouver

• You can choose to use either the Harvard or Vancouver referencing system but ensure that you use one system consistently throughout.

Harvard references and in-text citations

• References should appear in alphabetical order by author surname with multiple books by the same author(s) arranged in chronological order.
• In-text citations are formed using the author’s surname and year of publication. The citation can take the form "Martin (1990)" or "(Martin 1990)" depending on context. Either is acceptable.
• Where one author has published works with different co-authors order these alphabetically by second author surname and if necessary by third author.
• Where two or more references are cited at the same point in the text, separate them with semi-colons, e.g. (Martin 1990; Blanc et al. 1992). Order by relevance/importance rather than alphabetically or chronologically.
• Where two or three authors are present, e.g. "Adams, Knowler, and Leader (1992)" Wiley has no preference as to whether all authors are mentioned or just the first named. The order of the authors should follow that used in the original publication. Where there are four or more authors then change to first named follow by "et al."
• If there are two or more references by the same author(s) in the same year they should be listed in the reference list in their (a, b, c) citation order. As it is impossible to determine which title was published first within any given year, the order is determined by first appearance in your content. Text citations should appear as, e.g. "Martin (1990a)" and "Martin (1990b)."
• Where two authors with the same surname have works published in the same year, identify them in the text by their initial: J. Martin (1990) and S. Martin (1990). Only necessary to distinguish with regard to publications in the same year.
• Always use "and" not ampersand (&) with Harvard references.
• Text citations may or may not be made to specific points in the publication, e.g. "(Dunn et al. 1989, p. 390)" or "(Reynolds 1989, Table 42)". This does not need to be done consistently.
• Cite more than one work by the same author as follows: "Blanc et al. (1988, 1992)".

Sections and Headings

Part and subpart sections

• Where the chapters of a book are organized into higher-level sections, these should always be called parts.
• Parts can be numbered One, Two, Three, etc. or I, II, III, etc.
• An individual part may be divided into two or more subparts.

References

• Click here for examples of different reference types and how these should be cited in the text.

Italics

• Use italic for the title of a publication, play, musical, TV/radio program, film, video game, ship (e.g. The Lancet, Kiss Me Kate, The Godfather, SS Eisenhower).

Latinisms

• Do not italicize the following Latinisms: i.e., e.g., via, vice versa, etc., a posteriori, et al., cf., c. (where c. signifies circa, rather than ca.).

Subject-Specific Styles

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

Subject-Specific Styles

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

Notes

• Notes should be numbered 1-x throughout the chapter, never with the symbols *, †, etc.
• End-of-chapter placement for notes will be applied as the house style. If it’s essential that positioning is at the foot of the page or at the end of your book, please inform your project editor when you submit your final MS to Wiley.

Numbers

• Spell out numbers below 10 unless used in conjunction with a unit of measurement (e.g. 5 kg not five kg; Five children not 5 children).
• Use numerals rather than words spelled out when used in conjunction with % (e.g. 5% not five percent or 5 percent).
• For precise values of 10 and greater use numerals.
• Where numbers are approximate words should be used (e.g. around five hundred).
• However, where the number is approximate but more complicated, use numerals (e.g. about 2.5 million years ago not about two-and-a-half million years ago).
• Use numerals for: mixed numbers (an integer and a proper fraction), fractions, ages, dates (except centuries), mathematical terms, probabilities, ratios, numbered items (e.g. pages, chapters, “type 1”, “step 2”, etc.).

Offensive, Defamatory, or Libelous Content

• Please do not include disrespectful/dismissive/rude attitudes towards other beliefs, cultures, individuals or accusations or wrongdoing by groups/individuals.
• Swear words (profanity) are acceptable in quotations from third-party material. For visual profanity please seek advice of your project editor.

Part and subpart sections

• Where the chapters of a book are organized into higher-level sections, these should always be called parts.
• Parts can be numbered One, Two, Three, etc. or I, II, III, etc.
• An individual part may be divided into two or more subparts.

Permissions

Source and credit lines

• Provide a source, and a credit to the rightsholder, for all third-party material used in your work. This “attribution” ensures you conform to our publication ethics by making it clear wherever material is not original to you and that its use in your publication is authorized.
• Always introduce source information using the wording “Source:” and place this after the description of the material being used. The source is the publication or location from which third-party material has been obtained. This will most usually be a book or journal, a photo vendor (e.g. museum, gallery, or dedicated image vendor such as Getty Images), or an individual/employer.
• Credits are standardly placed following the source location. They act as an explicit acknowledgement to the rightsholder that they hold the rights to the content being used and have given permission for its reuse in the publication. The credit may also include a copyright line if requested by the rightsholder.
• Never add a credit to the rightsholder unless you have obtained permission for reuse.
• For transparency and absence of doubt, especially where a chapter has a mix of original and third-party assets, best practice is to self-attribute any original work being published for the first time as follows (Jane Smith being the author of the chapter in this instance): Source: Jane Smith. Alternatively, when you submit final content to your project editor, confirm that all material without attribution is original work by you or your contributors.
• If no third-party source/credit information is provided for any third-party material, your Wiley project editor will ask for confirmation that this material is original to the author of the chapter.

How to present source and credit lines

• Figures and tables: Use the author-date shorthand and the standard credit (i.e. “Reproduced with permission of X” – with X being the name of the rightsholder). The full citation must be included in the end-of-chapter referencesFor example:
  • Harvard system: Source: Smith 1990. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
  • Vancouver system: Source: Source: [17]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Or, where you want to provide a more detailed reference to the original material: Source: Smith 1990, figure 12.2 (p. 198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Source: [17], figure 12.2 (p.198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• Photos: add the source and any image reference number/ credit/copyright line specified by the rightsholder. For example:
  • Source: Private Collection/ The Bridgeman Art Library, DACS 2011. Reproduced with permission of the Towner Museum, Eastbourne, and © Estate of Eric Ravilious. If no credit line is specified, generate photo credit in this form
  • Source: Shutterstock/Travis Smith. Reproduced with permission of Shutterstock.
• For material used with the permission of a colleague/employer:
  • Source: Courtesy of John Smith.
  • Source: Courtesy of BASF AG.
• For author’s original work being published for the first time:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Jane Smith.
• For material modified by the author with permission of rightsholders always indicate this modification using one of the following expressions: “Adapted from”, “Modified from,” or “After”. For example:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Adapted from Smith 1990 (figure 3.17) and Jones 2016 (figure 17.2). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• For material licensed under Creative Commons or similar you must always attribute fully by providing the author/originator name, a link to the online location, and the CC license information (with license number, e.g. 1.0, 2.0, etc., where available). There is no need to provide a link to the online CC license. For example:
  • Source: Jorgebarrios, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valdivia.JPG. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
• For public domain or fair use (as defined by Wiley) material that did not require permission to be obtained always indicate this after the source for clarity. For example:
  • Source: Smith 1864 (p. 198). Public domain.
  • Source: Best Movie Ever (2017). Directed by Steven Spielberg. Produced by Universal/Goldstar Productions/Rox Media, Inc. Fair use.
• Copyright lines where required are expressed as follows: © 2017 Science Images. Use the copyright symbol without spelling out word "copyright".

Possessive for names ending in "s"

• Make the possessive of singular names ending in "s" by using an apostrophe followed by a second "s" (e.g. Rawls’s philosophy not Rawls’ philosophy).

Quotation marks

• US style: Use double quotation marks, except for quotes within quotes, which should take single quotation marks.
• UK style: Use single quotation marks, except for quotes within quotes, which should take double quotation marks.

References

• Click here for examples of different reference types and how these should be cited in the text.

Scientific units

• Symbols for scientific units are not followed by periods (e.g. kg not kg.).
• Symbols for scientific units do not take plural s or ‘s or .s (e.g. 24 kg not 24 kgs, kg’s, or kg.s).

Sections and Headings

Part and subpart sections

• Where the chapters of a book are organized into higher-level sections, these should always be called parts.
• Parts can be numbered One, Two, Three, etc. or I, II, III, etc.
• An individual part may be divided into two or more subparts.

Chapters

• Chapters should be numbered using Arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, etc.
• Chapter numbering should continue through the book; it should not start at 1 again with the beginning of a new part.
• If your discipline standardly numbers headings, prefix heading numbers with the chapter number, so for example:

• For all material use the Oxford serial comma (e.g. apples, pears, and bananas).

Source and credit lines

• Provide a source, and a credit to the rightsholder, for all third-party material used in your work. This “attribution” ensures you conform to our publication ethics by making it clear wherever material is not original to you and that its use in your publication is authorized.
• Always introduce source information using the wording “Source:” and place this after the description of the material being used. The source is the publication or location from which third-party material has been obtained. This will most usually be a book or journal, a photo vendor (e.g. museum, gallery, or dedicated image vendor such as Getty Images), or an individual/employer.
• Credits are standardly placed following the source location. They act as an explicit acknowledgement to the rightsholder that they hold the rights to the content being used and have given permission for its reuse in the publication. The credit may also include a copyright line if requested by the rightsholder.
• Never add a credit to the rightsholder unless you have obtained permission for reuse.
• For transparency and absence of doubt, especially where a chapter has a mix of original and third-party assets, best practice is to self-attribute any original work being published for the first time as follows (Jane Smith being the author of the chapter in this instance): Source: Jane Smith. Alternatively, when you submit final content to your project editor, confirm that all material without attribution is original work by you or your contributors.
• If no third-party source/credit information is provided for any third-party material, your Wiley project editor will ask for confirmation that this material is original to the author of the chapter.

How to present source and credit lines

• Figures and tables: Use the author-date shorthand and the standard credit (i.e. “Reproduced with permission of X” – with X being the name of the rightsholder). The full citation must be included in the end-of-chapter referencesFor example:
  • Harvard system: Source: Smith 1990. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
  • Vancouver system: Source: Source: [17]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Or, where you want to provide a more detailed reference to the original material: Source: Smith 1990, figure 12.2 (p. 198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Source: [17], figure 12.2 (p.198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• Photos: add the source and any image reference number/ credit/copyright line specified by the rightsholder. For example:
  • Source: Private Collection/ The Bridgeman Art Library, DACS 2011. Reproduced with permission of the Towner Museum, Eastbourne, and © Estate of Eric Ravilious. If no credit line is specified, generate photo credit in this form
  • Source: Shutterstock/Travis Smith. Reproduced with permission of Shutterstock.
• For material used with the permission of a colleague/employer:
  • Source: Courtesy of John Smith.
  • Source: Courtesy of BASF AG.
• For author’s original work being published for the first time:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Jane Smith.
• For material modified by the author with permission of rightsholders always indicate this modification using one of the following expressions: “Adapted from”, “Modified from,” or “After”. For example:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Adapted from Smith 1990 (figure 3.17) and Jones 2016 (figure 17.2). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• For material licensed under Creative Commons or similar you must always attribute fully by providing the author/originator name, a link to the online location, and the CC license information (with license number, e.g. 1.0, 2.0, etc., where available). There is no need to provide a link to the online CC license. For example:
  • Source: Jorgebarrios, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valdivia.JPG. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
• For public domain or fair use (as defined by Wiley) material that did not require permission to be obtained always indicate this after the source for clarity. For example:
  • Source: Smith 1864 (p. 198). Public domain.
  • Source: Best Movie Ever (2017). Directed by Steven Spielberg. Produced by Universal/Goldstar Productions/Rox Media, Inc. Fair use.
• Copyright lines where required are expressed as follows: © 2017 Science Images. Use the copyright symbol without spelling out word "copyright".

• Follow the spelling style of your choice (US or UK) but please keep it consistent.
• When using US spelling, please refer to Merriam-Webster for advice.
• When using UK spelling, please refer to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) for advice.

• As required, specific-style instructions for mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, computing, engineering, accounting, and finance can be found in the full K&L Content Guidelines (section 14 and the Appendix).

Figures and Tables

• The rules below apply to tables as well as figures.

Numbering

• Use double numeration – numbered through the chapter with Arabic numerals: Chapter number + Figure number (Figure 1.1, Figure 1.2, etc.).
• Numbered figures must be cited within the text (e.g. see Figure 1.1).

Unnumbered figures

• Figures do not need to be numbered unless they are captioned or cross-referenced in the text. It is acceptable to have a mix of numbered and unnumbered figures. You must make it clear, however, where the unnumbered figures should appear in the text.

Figure parts

• Parts of figures are to be designated (a), (b), (c), etc. in the caption – i.e. lower case letters within parentheses – not (1), (2) or *, †, etc. Parentheses enclose the letter that labels the separate parts of figures in captions and on the figures themselves, but not in the text citations of figures (e.g. see Figure 1.1b not see Figure 1.1(b). Separate the descriptions of the parts in the caption using semi-colons.

Cross-references

• Cross-references within the text to figures must be upper and lower case, and never abbreviated (e.g. see Figure 1.1. not see Fig. 1.1).

Permissions

Source and credit lines

• Provide a source, and a credit to the rightsholder, for all third-party material used in your work. This “attribution” ensures you conform to our publication ethics by making it clear wherever material is not original to you and that its use in your publication is authorized.
• Always introduce source information using the wording “Source:” and place this after the description of the material being used. The source is the publication or location from which third-party material has been obtained. This will most usually be a book or journal, a photo vendor (e.g. museum, gallery, or dedicated image vendor such as Getty Images), or an individual/employer.
• Credits are standardly placed following the source location. They act as an explicit acknowledgement to the rightsholder that they hold the rights to the content being used and have given permission for its reuse in the publication. The credit may also include a copyright line if requested by the rightsholder.
• Never add a credit to the rightsholder unless you have obtained permission for reuse.
• For transparency and absence of doubt, especially where a chapter has a mix of original and third-party assets, best practice is to self-attribute any original work being published for the first time as follows (Jane Smith being the author of the chapter in this instance): Source: Jane Smith. Alternatively, when you submit final content to your project editor, confirm that all material without attribution is original work by you or your contributors.
• If no third-party source/credit information is provided for any third-party material, your Wiley project editor will ask for confirmation that this material is original to the author of the chapter.

How to present source and credit lines

• Figures and tables: Use the author-date shorthand and the standard credit (i.e. “Reproduced with permission of X” – with X being the name of the rightsholder). The full citation must be included in the end-of-chapter referencesFor example:
  • Harvard system: Source: Smith 1990. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
  • Vancouver system: Source: Source: [17]. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Or, where you want to provide a more detailed reference to the original material: Source: Smith 1990, figure 12.2 (p. 198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier. Source: [17], figure 12.2 (p.198). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• Photos: add the source and any image reference number/ credit/copyright line specified by the rightsholder. For example:
  • Source: Private Collection/ The Bridgeman Art Library, DACS 2011. Reproduced with permission of the Towner Museum, Eastbourne, and © Estate of Eric Ravilious. If no credit line is specified, generate photo credit in this form
  • Source: Shutterstock/Travis Smith. Reproduced with permission of Shutterstock.
• For material used with the permission of a colleague/employer:
  • Source: Courtesy of John Smith.
  • Source: Courtesy of BASF AG.
• For author’s original work being published for the first time:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Jane Smith.
• For material modified by the author with permission of rightsholders always indicate this modification using one of the following expressions: “Adapted from”, “Modified from,” or “After”. For example:
  • Figure 2.7. Synergistic mutual effects through the food web and environment between hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus) and the bottom feeder common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Source: Adapted from Smith 1990 (figure 3.17) and Jones 2016 (figure 17.2). Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.
• For material licensed under Creative Commons or similar you must always attribute fully by providing the author/originator name, a link to the online location, and the CC license information (with license number, e.g. 1.0, 2.0, etc., where available). There is no need to provide a link to the online CC license. For example:
  • Source: Jorgebarrios, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valdivia.JPG. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
• For public domain or fair use (as defined by Wiley) material that did not require permission to be obtained always indicate this after the source for clarity. For example:
  • Source: Smith 1864 (p. 198). Public domain.
  • Source: Best Movie Ever (2017). Directed by Steven Spielberg. Produced by Universal/Goldstar Productions/Rox Media, Inc. Fair use.
• Copyright lines where required are expressed as follows: © 2017 Science Images. Use the copyright symbol without spelling out word "copyright".

• Trademarks and trade names should take an initial capital letter, (e.g. Xerox, Kleenex, Coca-Cola).
• Verbs derived from trade names should take a lower case initial, (e.g. tippex out a mistake, hoover the carpet).
• When using ® or ™ symbols, these should appear only at first instance in each chapter

Choice of Harvard or Vancouver

• You can choose to use either the Harvard or Vancouver referencing system but ensure that you use one system consistently throughout.

Vancouver references and text citations

• References should appear in numerical order in the text and be listed numerically in the reference list at the end of the chapter/book. Thus the order of the list matches the order of appearance of references in the text.
• References first cited in a table or in a figure caption are numbered according to the location of the text citation of the table or figure.
• Don’t leave any "in-between" numbers e.g. [97, 97a, 98] during the writing stage.
• Numbers in the text should appear [1], [2], [3], etc. on the line rather than superscript.
• Numbers in the end-of-chapter list should be "1. 2. 3.", not [1] [2] [3] or 1, 2, 3.
• Use a comma (not an en dash) between two consecutive reference citations, e.g. [1, 2].
• Use an unspaced en dash to indicate a numerical range within reference citation, e.g. [4–6].

• Do not use angle brackets <> with Web addresses.
• Do not underline a whole web address/URL. Use of underscores within web addresses/URLs is fine.
• Always provide the date on which the web material was accessed.
  • Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (1999). XML exchange table model document type definition. http://www.oasis-open.org/specs/tm9901.html (accessed 17 July 2015).
• Ensure that the author or authoring organization, year, and document title are given in the reference, along with the web address/URL. If this information is not available or relevant the reference should be removed and only the web address/URL cited in the text.
• Drop the "http://" from web address where the URL points to a domain, e.g.
  • www.wiley.com not http://www.wiley.com
• Use "http://" etc. where the URL points to specific documents or web pages, e.g.
  • http://www.wiley.com/contentguidelines

Please inform your project editor (or relevant Wiley contact) if you have followed any other style (e.g. APA) that your readership will require be retained. We can then take this into account during production.

• All displayed equations and all inline mathematics – even single variables – must be generated in MathType /Equation Editor 3.0.
• No mathematics should be inserted into the text as graphics, or keyed in as text.
• No equations should be partially set in MathType /Equation Editor 3.0 and partially keyed in as text.
• Always submit a PDF to your in-house contact in addition to the Word version of manuscript, so we know how it’s supposed to look.
• Use MS Word version 2016 or higher for preparing your manuscripts (Office 365 is the best choice).

This can be acquired from www.dessci.com/en/products/mathtype and is available for Mac and PC. MathType is very flexible and we recommend you use fixed preferences and follow standard styles for all equations – see below screen capture for details:

In Microsoft Word, go to Insert–Object and select Microsoft Equation 3.0. (If you’re working in Word 2007, do not use the default equation editor: ‘π Equation’)

• The equations and mathematics do NOT need to be rekeyed by the Wiley typesetter, which reduces the possibility of introducing errors.
• We’re able to convert the material without any rekeying to MathML for inclusion in our XML–based digital products.
• MathML lets you use and re–use mathematical and scientific content on the web.
• MathML deals with both the representation and the meaning of the mathematics, so that web pages with MathML embedded equations can be searched for and viewed as normal web pages across many different browsers.
• The mathematics and equations can be reflowed to fit the viewing device being used.
• MathML can be used as input to computer algebra systems such as Maple and Mathematica, for example, to display graphs of equations, supporting either additional Wiley functionality and/or the customer’s use of such systems.

We treat the PDF you send us as the master version, so check the PDF carefully, particularly the rendering of the inline mathematics and displayed equations.

Here are a few ways that you can minimize manual intervention in your equations:

• Where an equation breaks over two or more lines, ensure it’s given in a single MathType/Equation Editor 3.0 equation.
• Make sure the size of the brackets is appropriate to the nature of the equation.
• Punctuation at the end of displayed equation should be included within the MathType/Equation Editor 3.0 equation.
• Punctuation after complex inline equations should be set outside the MathType/Equation Editor 3.0 equation.
• Numbered equations should be numbered with the chapter number and the equation number, sequentially throughout the chapter. For example, the third numbered equation in Chapter 4 would be numbered 4.3. Do not insert the equation number from within the equations editor. Use a tab separator between the equation and the number.
• Do not use the same equation number for two or more different equations.

For MathType use ‘Factory Settings’ (Style–Define–Advanced–Factory Settings; select ‘Use for new equations’).

For Equation Editor, use the default styles (Style–Define).

Changing the settings and fonts can cause problems. If you use any fonts that aren’t included in the normal MathType/Equation Editor font set, list them clearly when submitting.

If you copy a MathType equation from another document, make sure you copy the equation from within the MathType window, rather than from the text, and then paste it into a new MathType window. From ‘Preferences’ select ‘Load from Factory Settings…’ then select ‘Use for new equations’ and click ‘OK’.

Variables – Typeset in italic, e.g. (a + y). Two–letter variables, e.g. KE for kinetic energy, should be set in roman to prevent misreading as a product of two variables.

Vectors – No arrow above the letter – rather typeset in bold, e.g. (a). (Most vectors used in physics are variable vectors; see below.)

Variable vectors – Typeset in bold italic, e.g. (i)

Matrices – Inline: typeset in bold caps, e.g. [I]. Display: set within square brackets. (Most matrices used in physics are variable matrices; see below.)

Variable matrices – Typeset in bold italic caps, e.g. (B). Ellipses in matrices should consist of three points – ‘…’ (vertical or horizontal).

Sub and Superscripts: words and abbreviations – If a superscript or subscript is a word or an abbreviation, typeset in roman.

Sub and Superscripts: single letters – Most single–letter subscripts and superscripts and all numerical sub– and superscripts are set roman. Exception: Subscripts representing a running number (e.g. n in the sense of 1, 2, 3...) or quantities (e.g. P and V indicating specific heat) are typeset in italic. Differential d – Typeset in roman.

Constants; Mathematical constants, e.g., e – Typeset in roman. Constants: Physical constants, e.g. speed of light c, Planck’s constant h, Boltzmann constant, etc. – Typeset in italic.

Functions and operators – Named (abbreviated) functions and operators, such as ‘log’, ‘ln’, ‘exp’, ‘Im’, ‘Re’, ‘lim’, ‘max’, and ‘tr’, and trigonometric functions, such as ‘sin’, ‘tan’, etc., are set in roman. They do not take full points. These functions are followed by a space, then the numerical value. However there is no space if the argument (symbol or number) is enclosed in parentheses, brackets, or braces.

Symbols for scientific units – Typeset in roman.

Ellips–s - Include a comma (and space) after the three ellipsis dots when the final term follows, e.g. x1, x2,..., xn. Only ellipses indicating omissions in series or lists are set on the line. Ellipses indicating missing terms in equations are centered vertically.

Simple fractions – Simple fractions in the text should be stacked vertically.

Please see the following examples for the differences between display equation formats and in line equation formats:

Equations should be punctuated as if text. Use appropriate punctuation to introduce the equation, separate expressions, and at the end of the equation as appropriate. Chemistry, communications technology and engineering titles: equations should not be punctuated as if text.

Use stacked fractions in display. Don’t use soliduses (e.g. a/bx), or negative superscripts (e.g. a(bx)–1). If displayed equations break try to break them before an operation symbol (e.g. = < > + - x) that follows a bracket. Fractions, matrices and expressions contained within brackets should not be broken if at all possible.

Order of brackets/fences is as follows – {[()]} – starting with () and working from the inside out. Brackets should appear in pairs.

Inline equations. Avoid in–line expressions that require lines of type to spread – i.e. overbars, summation signs, stacked fractions, etc. Either set in display rather than in–line, or, if the fraction is more complex and cannot be stacked as a single character, use negative superscripts, e.g. a(bx)-1. Avoid breaking equations in line – rather display them. Use negative superscripts in preference to soliduses, i.e. follow SI specifications.